Abstract: The“15th Five-Year Plan”period is the crucial stage for China to basically achieve socialist modernization and an important juncture for advancing agricultural and rural modernization, bridging the past and future. Deepening reforms in agriculture and rural areas has become the core measure to stimulate endogenous development momentum and consolidate the foundation for agricultural and rural modernization. Based on an analysis of the new challenges and requirements in China’s agricultural and rural reforms during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, this study focuses on several key aspects of deepening these reforms, summarizing them as“one foundation and three major elements”. Specifically, it emphasizes consolidating and improving the rural basic operation system, while addressing the priority and optimal allocation of three major production factors—land, capital, and labor—through the deepening of rural land system reforms, the improvement of agricultural and rural support and protection systems, and the promotion of integrated urban-rural development. During the 15th Five Year Plan period, we must take the development of agricultural new quality productivity according to local conditions as the core strategic guidance for deepening agricultural and rural reform, promote the development of agricultural new quality productivity through comprehensive deepening of the reform, and adhere to the“dual wheel drive”of scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation. At the same time, improving the modern agricultural management system should be regarded as a key lever for deepening agricultural and rural reform, so as to promote the deep integration of agricultural technology innovation and industrial innovation.

Key words: agricultural and rural reform, agricultural and rural modernization, rural basic management system, new agricultural productivity, modern agricultural management system