出口贸易数字化如何影响企业劳动力雇佣

当代财经 ›› 2025, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (7): 129-142.

出口贸易数字化如何影响企业劳动力雇佣

李梓轩¹, 刘建²

1.中国社会科学院大学国际政治经济学院,北京 102488;
2.江西财经大学国际经济与政治学院,江西南昌 330013

收稿日期:2024-09-10 修回日期:2025-05-18 出版日期:2025-07-15 发布日期:2025-07-22
通讯作者: 刘建,江西财经大学教授,经济学博士,主要从事数字贸易、跨国并购研究,联系方式liujian@jxufe.edu.cn。
作者简介:李梓轩,中国社会科学院大学博士研究生,主要从事数字贸易研究。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金地区项目“外资并购对国内目标企业就业的影响：理论机制与实证检验”（72163011）; 江西省高校人文社会科学规划项目“外资流入对我国就业的影响机制、效应与对策”（J20114）

How Export Trade Digitization Affects Enterprise Labor Employment?

Li Zi-xuan¹, Liu Jian²

1. University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 102488;
2. Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China

Received:2024-09-10 Revised:2025-05-18 Online:2025-07-15 Published:2025-07-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 作为出口贸易新形态,数字贸易不仅促进了对外贸易发展,也深刻影响企业劳动力雇佣。基于海关数据库与上市公司数据库合并的“企业-产品”层面数据,从效果、机制和异质性三个角度实证分析出口贸易数字化对企业劳动力雇佣的影响。研究发现,出口贸易数字化显著增加了企业劳动力雇佣,在长期,两者之间呈现倒U型的非线性关系;从影响机制看,出口贸易数字化通过降本增效、提高企业产出需求对企业劳动力雇佣产生规模创造效应,虽然部分企业面临竞争替代效应和平台替代效应,但总体来看创造效应大于替代效应,出口贸易数字化对企业劳动力雇佣表现为正向的净创造效应;异质性分析表明,出口贸易数字化对劳动力雇佣的积极影响对于高技术行业、资本密集度高、竞争力强的企业,技术型劳动者,以及劳动力雇佣需求增长潜力更大的中西部地区而言更为显著。进一步分析发现,相较于一般产品,数字产品出口对企业劳动力雇佣具有显著的正向效应,且数字产品出口与出口贸易数字化对企业劳动力雇佣具有叠加的正向作用。为此,要大力支持出口贸易数字化发展,以赋能企业劳动力结构优化、推进我国高水平对外开放和高质量充分就业。

关键词: 贸易数字化, 劳动力雇佣, 出口贸易

Abstract: As a new form of export trade, digital trade not only promotes the development of foreign trade, but also profoundly affects the labor employment behavior of enterprises. Based on the merged“enterprise-product”level data from the customs database and the listed company database, this study empirically analyzes the impact of digitalization of export trade on labor employment in enterprises from three perspectives: effectiveness, mechanism, and heterogeneity. The findings show that digitalization of export trade significantly increases labor employment in enterprises, and in the long run, there is a non-linear inverted U-shaped relationship between the two. From the perspective of the impact mechanism, digitalization of export trade has a scale creation effect on enterprise labor employment by reducing costs and increasing efficiency, and increasing enterprise output demand. Although some enterprises face competition substitution effects and platform substitution effects, overall, the creation effect is greater than the substitution effect. The digitalization of export trade has a positive net creation effect on enterprise labor employment. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the positive impact of digitalization of export trade on labor employment is more significant for high-tech industries, capital intensive and highly competitive enterprises, skilled workers, and the central and western regions with greater potential for labor employment growth. Further analysis reveals that compared to general products, the export of digital products has a significant positive effect on enterprise labor employment, and the digital product exports and the digitalization of export trade have a synergistic positive effect on enterprise labor employment. To this end, we must vigorously support the digital development of export trade, empower enterprises to optimize their labor structure, promote China’s high-level opening-up to the outside world, and ensure high-quality and full employment.

Key words: trade digitization, labor employment, export trade

中图分类号:

F752

李梓轩, 刘建. 出口贸易数字化如何影响企业劳动力雇佣[J]. 当代财经, 2025, 0(7): 129-142.

Li Zi-xuan, Liu Jian. How Export Trade Digitization Affects Enterprise Labor Employment?[J]. Contemporary Finance & Economics, 2025, 0(7): 129-142.

参考文献

[1] 邓峰, 金森森. 数字经济、区域创新与城乡收入差距[J]. 济南大学学报, 2024, (6): 93-108.
[2] 龚六堂. 数字经济就业的特征、影响及应对策略[J]. 国家治理, 2021, (23): 29-35.
[3] 官华平, 郭滨华, 张建武. 数字贸易、技术扩散与劳动力技能结构[J]. 国际经贸探索, 2023, (5): 89-106.
[4] 贺梅, 王燕梅. 数字贸易与制造业就业——来自中国A股上市公司的证据[J]. 经济与管理研究, 2023, 44(9): 66-84.
[5] 胡浩然, 宋颜群. 跨境电商改革与工资收入: 一个新开放视角[J]. 财经研究, 2022, (5): 49-63.
[6] 李俊, 李西林, 王拓. 数字贸易概念内涵、发展态势与应对建议[J]. 国际贸易, 2021, (5): 12-21.
[7] 李震, 赵春明, 李宏兵. 贸易新业态与稳就业——来自跨境电商综合试验区的证据[J]. 经济科学, 2023, (4): 28-44.
[8] 刘翠花, 戚聿东. 数字经济促进就业扩容提质的理论逻辑、作用机理与推进路径[J]. 理论学刊, 2023, (7): 129-141.
[9] 刘会政, 张靖祎, 方森辉. 贸易数字化与企业出口国内附加值率[J]. 国际商务 (对外经济贸易大学学报), 2022, (5): 69-88.
[10] 吕延方, 项云, 王冬. 数字服务投入、行业竞争程度与劳动力要素错配[J]. 经济学动态, 2024, (5): 19-36.
[11] 马述忠, 房超, 梁银锋. 数字贸易及其时代价值与研究展望[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2018, (10): 16-30.
[12] 邵朝对, 安安. 数字产品进口如何影响企业环境绩效[J]. 南开经济研究, 2023, (8): 101-118.
[13] 盛斌, 高疆. 超越传统贸易: 数字贸易的内涵、特征与影响[J]. 国外社会科学, 2020, (4): 18-32.
[14] 盛斌, 高疆. 数字贸易:一个分析框架[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2021, (8): 1-18.
[15] 孙杰. 从数字经济到数字贸易: 内涵、特征、规则与影响[J]. 国际经贸探索, 2020, (5): 87-98.
[16] 孙浦阳, 张靖佳, 姜小雨. 电子商务、搜寻成本与消费价格变化[J]. 经济研究, 2017, (7): 139-154.
[17] 叶迪, 史青. 出口冲击、技能差异与劳动时间结构[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2023, (2): 532-548.
[18] 余号, 殷凤. 贸易数字化、柔性生产力与出口产品质量——来自中国微观企业的经验证据[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2023, (6): 139-157.
[19] 于欢, 姚莉, 何欢浪. 数字产品进口如何影响中国企业出口技术复杂度[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2022, (3): 35-50.
[20] 袁其刚, 嵇泳盛. 跨境电商如何影响劳动力就业——基于跨境电子商务综合试验区的准自然实验[J]. 产业经济研究, 2023, (1): 101-114.
[21] 张洪胜, 潘钢健. 跨境电子商务与双边贸易成本: 基于跨境电商政策的经验研究[J]. 经济研究, 2021, 56(9): 141-157.
[22] 周丽萍. 数字贸易进口与企业间工资均等化[J]. 当代财经, 2021, (11): 101-111.
[23] Acemoglu D, Restrepo P.Robots and jobs: Evidence from US labor markets[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 128(6): 2188-2244.
[24] Autor D, Salomons A.Is automation labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the labor share[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. 24871, 2018.
[25] Carballo J, Chatruc M R, Santa C S, et al.Online business platforms and international trade[J/OL]. Journal of International Economics, 2022, 137: 103599.
[26] Egorova M A, Fisichella D, Kozhevina O V.Platforms and related market competition[M]. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022: 331-345.
[27] Feenstra R C, Ma H, Xu Y.US exports and employment[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2019, 120(5): 46-58.
[28] Goldfarb A, Tucker C.Digital economics[J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 2019, 57(1): 3-43.
[29] Herman P R, Oliver S.Trade, policy, and economic development in the digital economy[J/OL]. Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 164: 103135.
[30] Jullien B, Sand-Zantman W.The economics of platforms: A theory guide for competition policy[J/OL]. Information Economics and Policy, 2021, 54: 100880.
[31] Khan S, Haneklaus N.Sustainable economic development across globe: The dynamics between technology, digital trade and economic performance[J/OL]. Technology in Society, 2023, 72: 102207.
[32] Qin S Y, Liu Z Q, Wang J, et al.The impact of digital transformation on labour demand quantity and structure: Evidence from China[J]. Economic Analysis and Policy, 2024, 84(4): 1452-1469.